Of these men, a subset of 120 men had profiling of both tumor tissue and adjacent normal tissue. Gene expression profiling of tumor tissue was obtained for a total of 254 men in HPFS. These cases included men with prostate cancer who had a metastatic event or died of prostate cancer during follow-up through 2016 (lethal cases), and men who survived at least 8 years without any evidence of metastases during follow-up (indolent cases). Gene expression profiling was performed on a subset of cases diagnosed between 19 using an extreme case design with the aim of identifying expression signatures to differentiate indolent and lethal disease ( 15).
Identification of gene expression alterations in the prostate that are associated with physical activity would potentially strengthen the biologic plausibility of these associations and may facilitate identification of biomarkers related to prostate cancer development.įor HPFS participants diagnosed with prostate cancer during follow-up, we contacted hospital pathology departments to retrieve archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) prostate tumor tissue obtained through either radical prostatectomy or transurethral resection of the prostate. There is limited evidence regarding the relationship between physical activity and gene expression in prostate cancer. Additional studies by our group and others have shown that activity at higher intensity and over the long-term may be most relevant to decreasing prostate cancer development and improving outcomes ( 4, 13, 14). There is growing evidence that lifestyle factors, such as diet and physical activity, have an important role in influencing epigenetic processes ( 12). Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and histone modifications are known to disrupt key biological processes in cancers, such as tumor growth, tissue invasion, and metastasis, and contribute to the occurrence of genetic mutations ( 11).
Although its effects on the prostate, at this time, are unclear, there is emerging evidence that physical activity is linked to epigenetic changes in prostate tissue ( 9, 10).
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